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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340390/Experiments to prove continuing microbial ingress from Space to EarthN. Chandra Wickramasinghe,a,b,c,d,* Edward J. Steele,a,e,f,* Robert Temple,g Gensuke Tokoro,b Willam A. Smith,b Brig Klyce,h Dayal T. Wickramasinghe,i and Dhammika Magana Arachchid
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Abstract
A wide range of evidence for pointing to our cosmic origins is close to the point of being overwhelming. Yet the long-entrenched paradigm of Earth-centered biology appears to prevail in scientific culture. A matter of crucial importance is to carry out a decisive experiment that is long overdue—establishing empirically beyond any doubt that extraterrestrial microbiota reaches the surface of the Earth at the present day. Such an experiment may of course happen naturally by the appearance of pandemics of new disease as discussed in an earlier chapter.
Keywords: Detection space-diseases, Cometary dust, International space station, Stratosphere pathogen sampling, Flux of space microbes, Microbes in near Earth atmosphere, Fossils in meteorites
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1. Early evidence
An obvious place to discover biological material from comets is in the Earth's upper atmosphere itself. Cometary meteoroids (fragments of comets) and interplanetary and interstellar dust particles are known to enter the atmosphere in vast quantity, at a more or less steady rate, averaging in excess of ~ 102 ton/day. Although much of this incoming material burns up as meteors, a significant fraction survives entry. Organic grains including bacteria and viruses of micrometer sizes, arriving as clumps and dispersing in the high stratosphere, would be slowed down gently and would not be destructively heated. The Earth's atmosphere could thus serve as an ideal collector of biological material and the potential for both random pandemics and further evolutionary progress.
The Australian scientist Bigg (1983) was among the first to actually recover stratospheric particles from above 25 km using balloons. His collections dating from 1960 onward clearly reveal the presence of oval shaped dust particles, and particles endowed with fimbrai, which Bigg himself speculated may have a possible biological provenance. A few years later Greene, Hagberg, Lundgren, and Pederson (1965) carried out a series of balloon flights to recover microorganisms in the two height ranges 30,000–60,000 ft. and 60,000–90,000 ft. in the stratosphere. Positive results in both these height ranges possibly pointed to an in-falling microbial population, and this came as an unwelcome surprise in the years running up to the dawn of the space age. Although some of the microorganisms collected in early experiments were claimed to exhibit “unusual” properties, such as pigmentation and radiation resistance, their possible extraterrestrial origin remained a matter of dispute. No DNA sequencing procedure was available at the time to ascertain significant deviations there might have been from any related terrestrial species. Furthermore, the collection and laboratory techniques available at the time left open a high chance of contamination. A history of early attempts to probe the stratosphere for microorganisms is summarized by Smith (2013)
